Also known as Gastrinoma, Zollinger Ellison syndrome is relatively rare condition characterized by gastrin producing tumors resulting in excessive secretion of gastrin. Gastrin producing cells (G cells) are most abundant in stomach. The most common site of gastrinoma is duodenum > Pancreases > stomach. Clinical features: Zollinger Ellison syndrome can […]
Internal Medicine
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic destructive inflammation of joints. Risk factors: Female gender. Genetic predisposition: Clinical features: Symptoms: Insidious onset painful multiple symmetric joints (MCP joints, PIP joints of hand, wrist, ankle, knee, shoulder, hips, elbow). Initial pattern of joint involvement could be polyarticular (>5 […]
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of spine and pelvis that leads to fusion of the affected joints. Risk factors: Other conditions associated with HLA-B27: Clinical features: Extra-articular manifestations: Examination: How to perform Modified Schober test? Investigations and work up: Diagnosis: Bone marrow edema / Sarcoilitis + 1 spondyloarthropathy […]
Syncope is a transient, self-limited loss of consciousness due to acute global impairment of cerebral blood flow. The onset is rapid, duration brief, and recovery spontaneous and complete. Other causes of transient loss of consciousness need to be distinguished from syncope which includes: A syncopal prodrome (presyncope) is common, although […]
Blood transfusion complications Complications from a single transfusion: 1. Febrile non hemolytic transfusion reactions. It is due to the antibodies to donor leucocytes (HLA antigen). Risk factors: multiparous woman, conditions requiring multiple blood transfusions. Management: 2. Allergic reactions. It is due to plasma proteins and clinically presented as urticaria. Management: […]
Sarcoidosis is multisystem granulomatous disorder unknown etiology characterized by presence of non-caseating granuloma. Its etiology is unknown and associated with class II HLA genes. It is less seen in smoker. Clinical features: Cough, dyspnea on exertion, stridor. Sarcoidosis is considered with other DPLD, as most of the cases affect lungs […]
Respiration is the movement of oxygen from environment to cells and transport of carbon dioxide from cells to environment. Movement of air into and out the lung is called ventilation. Respiration Examination During examination of respiration, following things should be assessed. Procedure: Respiratory rate: It is how many breaths patient […]
Iron is very important mineral for body and has critical role in function of cells. It has very important role in transport of oxygen. Iron is present in enzymes like cytochrome system in mitochondria. The amount of iron required varies among cells. Deficiency of iron result in various clinical disorders […]
Peripheral venous cannulation is a basic and very common clinical procedure routinely required in hospital settings. The size of the cannula varies with its color code, also known as the cannula color size. Understanding Cannula Color Size Knowing the cannula color size is crucial for selecting the appropriate cannula for […]
Infectious Arthritis is inflammation of synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule. It can be caused by various micro-organisms like bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes (Lyme arthritis), fungi, and viruses. Among, infections due to Staphylococcus aures are mostly common. Understanding Infectious Arthritis Etiology Pathogenesis With healing there will be: Clinical […]
