Vaginitis is spectrum of conditions the cause vulvovaginal symptoms such as itching, burning, irritation and abnormal vaginal discharge. Causes of Vaginitis Clinical features: Change in color, discharge, odor, pruritus, irritation, burning sensation. Swelling, dyspareunia, dysuria. Normal secretions are: clear, elastic and mucoid secretions (midcycle); and thick, white secretions adhere to […]
MBBS
Also known as Gastrinoma, Zollinger Ellison syndrome is relatively rare condition characterized by gastrin producing tumors resulting in excessive secretion of gastrin. Gastrin producing cells (G cells) are most abundant in stomach. The most common site of gastrinoma is duodenum > Pancreases > stomach. Clinical features: Zollinger Ellison syndrome can […]
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic destructive inflammation of joints. Risk factors: Female gender. Genetic predisposition: Clinical features: Symptoms: Insidious onset painful multiple symmetric joints (MCP joints, PIP joints of hand, wrist, ankle, knee, shoulder, hips, elbow). Initial pattern of joint involvement could be polyarticular (>5 […]
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of spine and pelvis that leads to fusion of the affected joints. Risk factors: Other conditions associated with HLA-B27: Clinical features: Extra-articular manifestations: Examination: How to perform Modified Schober test? Investigations and work up: Diagnosis: Bone marrow edema / Sarcoilitis + 1 spondyloarthropathy […]
Normal menstrual bleeding ranges from 2 to 7 days. Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to alterations in quantity, duration or frequency. Causes: Clinical Features: Investigations and work-up: Treatment and Management: Acute heavy bleedings: 1st line hormonal management of Abnormal uterine bleeding is progesterone. Progesterone stabilizes the endometrium in most physiological way. […]
Uterine Leiomyoma/ Fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm of the female genital tract. Fibroid is monoclonal tumor and is hormone sensitive. Its size will increase in pregnancy and decrease after menopause. Malignant transformation in to leiomyosarcoma is rare. Prevalence and risk factors: Clinical features: Pain: Bleeding: Infertility: Examination: Work […]
Syncope is a transient, self-limited loss of consciousness due to acute global impairment of cerebral blood flow. The onset is rapid, duration brief, and recovery spontaneous and complete. Other causes of transient loss of consciousness need to be distinguished from syncope which includes: A syncopal prodrome (presyncope) is common, although […]
Blood transfusion complications Complications from a single transfusion: 1. Febrile non hemolytic transfusion reactions. It is due to the antibodies to donor leucocytes (HLA antigen). Risk factors: multiparous woman, conditions requiring multiple blood transfusions. Management: 2. Allergic reactions. It is due to plasma proteins and clinically presented as urticaria. Management: […]
Sarcoidosis is multisystem granulomatous disorder unknown etiology characterized by presence of non-caseating granuloma. Its etiology is unknown and associated with class II HLA genes. It is less seen in smoker. Clinical features: Cough, dyspnea on exertion, stridor. Sarcoidosis is considered with other DPLD, as most of the cases affect lungs […]
Respiration is the movement of oxygen from environment to cells and transport of carbon dioxide from cells to environment. Movement of air into and out the lung is called ventilation. Respiration Examination During examination of respiration, following things should be assessed. Procedure: Respiratory rate: It is how many breaths patient […]
This is pediatrics history taking model 6 months old female child was presented with chief complaints of cough and fever. Here is the history of this case. Pediatrics History Taking Name: ***** ******** Age: 6 months Sex: female Address: ********** ******* Mode of admission: via Emergency Date of admission: 2021-05-22 […]
This is obstetrics history taking model of post-operative case of 25 years old, Parity2 Living2 Abortion0, fourth post-partum day following lower section cesarean section due to obstructed labor. Obstetrics History Taking Name: ************ ********* Age: 26 years Sex: Female Address: ************ *********** Occupation: Teacher Education: Bachelor level Religion: ******* Husband’s […]
Obstetric formula is expressed in terms of gravida, parity live births and abortions (GPLA). Gravida: Gravida denotes how many times the woman became pregnant. It represents the pregnant states both present in past, irrespective of the gestation. Para: Para denotes the previous pregnancies beyond the period of viability (20 weeks […]
This is Obstetrics History Taking model of post-operative case of 25 years old, Parity3 Living3 Abortion1 second post-partum day following vaginal delivery with episiotomy. Obstetrics History Taking Name: ************* ************ Age: 25 years Sex: Female Address: ********** ******************* Occupation: Home-maker Education: No formal education Religion: Hindu Husband’s name: ************ ********** […]
