Vaginitis is spectrum of conditions the cause vulvovaginal symptoms such as itching, burning, irritation and abnormal vaginal discharge. Causes of Vaginitis Clinical features: Change in color, discharge, odor, pruritus, irritation, burning sensation. Swelling, dyspareunia, dysuria. Normal secretions are: clear, elastic and mucoid secretions (midcycle); and thick, white secretions adhere to […]
Pathology
Epigenetics is the change made in gene expression without change in DNA sequences. It is reversible change without mutation. It is heritable both mitotically and meiotically. Primary mechanism of epigenetic changes: DNA methylation It is adding methyl group in DNA. It changes the expression of DNA without changing the underlying […]
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic destructive inflammation of joints. Risk factors: Female gender. Genetic predisposition: Clinical features: Symptoms: Insidious onset painful multiple symmetric joints (MCP joints, PIP joints of hand, wrist, ankle, knee, shoulder, hips, elbow). Initial pattern of joint involvement could be polyarticular (>5 […]
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of spine and pelvis that leads to fusion of the affected joints. Risk factors: Other conditions associated with HLA-B27: Clinical features: Extra-articular manifestations: Examination: How to perform Modified Schober test? Investigations and work up: Diagnosis: Bone marrow edema / Sarcoilitis + 1 spondyloarthropathy […]
Normal menstrual bleeding ranges from 2 to 7 days. Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to alterations in quantity, duration or frequency. Causes: Clinical Features: Investigations and work-up: Treatment and Management: Acute heavy bleedings: 1st line hormonal management of Abnormal uterine bleeding is progesterone. Progesterone stabilizes the endometrium in most physiological way. […]
Uterine Leiomyoma/ Fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm of the female genital tract. Fibroid is monoclonal tumor and is hormone sensitive. Its size will increase in pregnancy and decrease after menopause. Malignant transformation in to leiomyosarcoma is rare. Prevalence and risk factors: Clinical features: Pain: Bleeding: Infertility: Examination: Work […]
Blood transfusion complications Complications from a single transfusion: 1. Febrile non hemolytic transfusion reactions. It is due to the antibodies to donor leucocytes (HLA antigen). Risk factors: multiparous woman, conditions requiring multiple blood transfusions. Management: 2. Allergic reactions. It is due to plasma proteins and clinically presented as urticaria. Management: […]
Infectious Arthritis is inflammation of synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule. It can be caused by various micro-organisms like bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes (Lyme arthritis), fungi, and viruses. Among, infections due to Staphylococcus aures are mostly common. Understanding Infectious Arthritis Etiology Pathogenesis With healing there will be: Clinical […]
