Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in minute quantities for proper growth and nutrition. As vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be supplied through the diet. Fat soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins are soluble in lipids. They have common isoprene structure; 5 carbon unsaturated branched compounds. […]
Biochemistry
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is molecular biology based laboratory technique used for amplification of DNA fragment. DNA is amplified by cycles of heating and cooling with enzyme and substrate. Sufficient copies of DNA can be obtained from desired fragment of DNA. Components of PCR Process of PCR This cycle of […]
Epigenetics is the change made in gene expression without change in DNA sequences. It is reversible change without mutation. It is heritable both mitotically and meiotically. Primary mechanism of epigenetic changes: DNA methylation It is adding methyl group in DNA. It changes the expression of DNA without changing the underlying […]
Also called tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The TCA cycle is both catabolic and anabolic. It is catabolic as all macromolecules when broken down enter to TCA cycle for energy production. And it is anabolic as TCA intermediates are used for synthesis of other compounds. Examples: Succinyl Co-A for heme synthesis, […]
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are those fatty acids which have more than 2 double bonds on their structure. These cannot be synthesized inside the body and requirement must be fulfilled through diet. Nuts, seeds, plant oil, sea food are rich in PUFA. Methyl end → CH₃CH₂CH=CHCH₂CH=CHCH₂CH=CH(CH₂)₇COOH ← Carboxy end Numbering […]
Blood transfusion complications Complications from a single transfusion: 1. Febrile non hemolytic transfusion reactions. It is due to the antibodies to donor leucocytes (HLA antigen). Risk factors: multiparous woman, conditions requiring multiple blood transfusions. Management: 2. Allergic reactions. It is due to plasma proteins and clinically presented as urticaria. Management: […]
Iron is very important mineral for body and has critical role in function of cells. It has very important role in transport of oxygen. Iron is present in enzymes like cytochrome system in mitochondria. The amount of iron required varies among cells. Deficiency of iron result in various clinical disorders […]
